TypeScript 接口

2019-01-29 16:19 更新

接口是实体应遵循的语法约定。换句话说,接口定义了任何实体必须遵守的语法。

接口定义属性,方法和事件,它们是接口的成员。接口仅包含成员的声明。定义成员是派生类的责任。它往往有助于提供派生类将遵循的一个标准结构。

让我们考虑一个对象:

var person = { 
   FirstName:"Tom", 
   LastName:"Hanks", 
   sayHi: ()=>{ return "Hi"} 
};

如果我们考虑对象的签名,它可能是:

{ 
   FirstName:string, 
   LastName:string, 
   sayHi()=>string 
}

要在对象之间重用签名,我们可以将其定义为接口。

声明接口

interface关键字用来声明接口。下面是声明接口的语法:

语法

interface interface_name { 
}

例如:接口和对象

interface IPerson { 
   firstName:string, 
   lastName:string, 
   sayHi: ()=>string 
} 

var customer:IPerson = { 
   firstName:"Tom",
   lastName:"Hanks", 
   sayHi: ():string =>{return "Hi there"} 
} 

console.log("Customer Object ") 
console.log(customer.firstName) 
console.log(customer.lastName) 
console.log(customer.sayHi())  

var employee:IPerson = { 
   firstName:"Jim",
   lastName:"Blakes", 
   sayHi: ():string =>{return "Hello!!!"} 
} 
  
console.log("Employee  Object ") 
console.log(employee.firstName) console.log(employee.lastName)

该示例定义一个接口。客户对象的类型为IPerson。因此,它现在将绑定到对象上,以定义接口指定的所有属性。

具有以下签名的另一个对象仍被视为IPerson,因为该对象由其大小或签名处理。

在编译时,它会生成以下JavaScript代码。

//Generated by typescript 1.8.10
var customer = { firstName: "Tom", lastName: "Hanks",
   sayHi: function () { return "Hi there"; }
};
console.log("Customer Object ");
console.log(customer.firstName);
console.log(customer.lastName);
console.log(customer.sayHi());
var employee = { firstName: "Jim", lastName: "Blakes",
   sayHi: function () { return "Hello!!!"; } };

console.log("Employee  Object ");
console.log(employee.firstName);
console.log(employee.lastName);

上述例子代码的输出如下:

Customer object 
Tom 
Hanks 
Hi there 
Employee  object 
Jim  
Blakes 
Hello!!!

接口不能转换为JavaScript。它只是TypeScript的一部分。如果您看到TS Playground工具的屏幕截图,则在声明与类不同的接口时,不会发出任何java脚本。因此,接口对运行时JavaScript的影响为零。

接口和对象

联合类型和接口

下面的例子显示使用联合类型和接口:

interface RunOptions { 
   program:string; 
   commandline:string[]|string|(()=>string); 
} 

//commandline as string 
var options:RunOptions = {program:"test1",commandline:"Hello"}; 
console.log(options.commandline)  

//commandline as a string array 
options = {program:"test1",commandline:["Hello","World"]}; 
console.log(options.commandline[0]); 
console.log(options.commandline[1]);  

//commandline as a function expression 
options = {program:"test1",commandline:()=>{return "**Hello World**";}}; 

var fn:any = options.commandline; 
console.log(fn());

在编译时,它会生成以下JavaScript代码。

//Generated by typescript 1.8.10
//commandline as string
var options = { program: "test1", commandline: "Hello" };
console.log(options.commandline);

//commandline as a string array
options = { program: "test1", commandline: ["Hello", "World"] };
console.log(options.commandline[0]);
console.log(options.commandline[1]);

//commandline as a function expression
options = { program: "test1", commandline: function () { return "**Hello World**"; } };
var fn = options.commandline;
console.log(fn());

它的输出如下:

Hello 
Hello 
World 
**Hello World**

接口和数组

接口可以定义数组使用的密钥类型以及它包含的条目类型。索引可以是string类型或number类型。

示例

interface namelist { 
   [index:number]:string 
} 

var list2:namelist = ["John",1,"Bran"] //Error. 1 is not type string  
interface ages { 
   [index:string]:number 
} 

var agelist:ages; 
agelist["John"] = 15   // Ok 
agelist[2] = "nine"   // Error

接口和继承

接口可以通过其它接口进行扩展。换句话说,接口可以从其他接口继承。TypeScript允许接口从多个接口继承。

使用extends关键字来实现接口之间的继承。

语法:单接口继承

Child_interface_name extends super_interface_name

语法:多接口继承

Child_interface_name extends super_interface1_name, 
super_interface2_name,…,super_interfaceN_name

示例:简单的接口继承

interface Person { 
   age:number 
} 

interface Musician extends Person { 
   instrument:string 
} 

var drummer = <Musician>{}; 
drummer.age = 27 
drummer.instrument = "Drums" 
console.log("Age:  "+drummer.age) console.log("Instrument:  "+drummer.instrument)

在编译时,它会生成以下JavaScript代码。

//Generated by typescript 1.8.10
var drummer = {};
drummer.age = 27;
drummer.instrument = "Drums";
console.log("Age:  " + drummer.age);
console.log("Instrument:  " + drummer.instrument);

它的输出如下:

Age: 27 
Instrument: Drums 

示例:多接口继承

interface IParent1 { 
   v1:number 
} 

interface IParent2 { 
   v2:number 
} 

interface Child extends IParent1, IParent2 { } 
var Iobj:Child = { v1:12, v2:23} 
console.log("value 1: "+this.v1+" value 2: "+this.v2)

对象Iobj的类型为接口leaf。基于继承的接口leaf现在分别有两个属性v和v2。因此,对象Iobj现在必须包含这些属性。

在编译时,它会生成以下JavaScript代码。

//Generated by typescript 1.8.10
var Iobj = { v1: 12, v2: 23 };
console.log("value 1: " + this.v1 + " value 2: " + this.v2);

上面的代码的输出如下:

value 1: 12   value 2: 23
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